Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on the Environment Essay

The Deepwater Horizon spill occurred on 20 April 2010 and was caused by an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig that killed 11 workers and injured 17 more. The drilling rig, located 66 kilometers southeast of the Louisiana coast, left an oil gusher that was finally capped on July 15, almost 2 months later. This was the largest accidental marine oil spill in history and the largest offshore environmental disaster in the United States (Telegraph, New York Times, BBC News). It is estimated by scientists that over 4.9 million barrels of oil were released into the ocean, about half of the crude oil the U.S. imports each day and worth $400 million (Popular Mechanics, CBC News). About 1070 kilometers of coastline were contaminated. Over 47 thousand personnel were deployed, 1.4 million barrels of liquid waste collected, and $40 billion spent on cleanup. Aerial photo taken in Gulf of Mexico more than 50 miles southeast of Louisiana showing the Deepwater Horizon oil rig burning after a deadly blowout of an oil well. Credit: Gerald Herbert The Gulf of Mexico contains commercially important aquatic life, including blue crabs, squid, shrimp, and fish. Toxins in the oil can kill these species or cause injuries such as genetic damage, disease, cancer, and reproductive and immune system impairment. Marine mammals, fish, reptiles, and birds depend on clean, healthy habitats to provide food, shelter, and breeding grounds. The presence of discharged oil in the environment can cause decreased habitat use in the area, altered migration patterns, altered food availability, and disrupted life cycles. Plants affected by the oil could die, eliminating the roots that help bind and stabilize the soil in the ocean floor, leading to erosi... .... Web. 6 November 2011. Gunter, Ford. â€Å"Explosion could have Disastrous Business Consequences.† Portfolio. Wall Street Horizon, 28 April 2010. Web. 6 November 2011. â€Å"Bird Impact Data and Consolidated Wildlife Reports.† FWS Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Response. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, n.d. Web. 6 November 2011. â€Å"Sea Turtles, Dolphins, and Whales and the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill.† Office of Protected Resources. NOAA Fisheries, n.d. Web. 6 November 2011. â€Å"Gulf Coast Oil Spill: One Year Later.† Gulf Oil Spill Response. National Parks Conservation Association, n.d. Web. 6 November 2011. â€Å"British Companies’ Reputation in the U.S. is Under Threat.† The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 14 July 2010. Web. 6 November 2011. â€Å"David Cameron confronts Barack Obama in Battle to Protect BP.† The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, 16 June 2010. Web. 6 November 2011.

Guidelines for Writing the Three Major Parts of the Literature Review Essay

The introductory section should describe the topic (problem area, guiding concept, theme or research question or problem) that is being reviewed. Aim for an â€Å"eye catching opening sentence†. Sometimes this is a dramatic expression of a number to catch the reader’s attention such as the prevalence of a disease, crime rate, school drop out rate, or sales volume. Be sure the topic is focused on the literature that will be reported. Briefly define the key concepts. Introduce these immediately. The topic should be sufficiently focused to permit an in-depth, substantial investigation, relevant to an area of advanced study/global leadership that guides a range of inquiry, results in an extensive search of scholarly literature, and generation of questions for further inquiry. The purpose of a literature review is presented in the introduction. Bourner (1996) reports the following Purposes – of a literature review – (reasons for a review of the literature) before embarking on a research project. These reasons include: †¢ to identify gaps in the literature  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ to avoid reinventing the wheel (at the very least this will save time and it can stop you from making the same mistakes as others) †¢ to carry on from where others have already reached (reviewing the field allows you to build on the platform of existing knowledge and ideas) †¢ to identify other people working in the same fields (a researcher network is a valuable resource) †¢ to increase your breadth of knowledge of your subject area †¢ to identify seminal works in your area †¢ to provide the intellectual context for your own work, enabling you to position your project relative to other work †¢ to identify opposing views †¢ to put your work into perspective †¢ to demonstrate that you can access previous work in an area †¢ to identify information and ideas that may be relevant to your project †¢ to identify methods that could be relevant to your project Bourner, T. (1996). The research process: Four steps to success in T. Greenfield (Ed. ), Research methods: Guidance for postgraduates (pp. 7-11). London: Arnold. Retrieved 8-13-02 from Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology RMIT University http://www. lib. rmit. edu. au/tutorials/literature/litrev. html As you attempt to define concepts (variables) and their relationships to other variables, if applicable, identify causal (independent) variables and effects (dependent variables). You may also identify other variables that can be contextual, intervening, or mediating (see Creswell, pp. 94-95 or other texts). After you introduce the topic area properly (instructions follow), you will develop a succinct one-sentence purpose of the review. Three examples of a concluding purpose statement in the overview are: Example 1: The purpose of this review is to critically analyze the theoretical and empirical literature on web-based instruction as an instructional method in distance education, with an emphasis on effectiveness studies that focus on instructional effectiveness, student learning outcomes, retention, student perceptions of this method of course delivery, and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. In this example, the causal variable (independent) is â€Å"instructional method of web-based instruction† and the effects (dependent variable) are instructional effectiveness, student learning outcomes, retention, and student perceptions. Example 2: The purpose of this critical analysis of theoretical and empirical literature is to (a) examine historical and current literature to evaluate whether gender workplace bias exists; (b) explore the impact such a bias would have on women in the workplace, specifically women moving up the corporate ladder; and, (c) identify any theoretical or empirical gaps in the literature for the purpose of suggesting future areas of scholarly inquiry. In this example, the causal variable (independent) is â€Å"gender bias against women in the workplace† and the effect (dependent variable) is mobility up the corporate ladder. Example 3 (Review carefully): The purpose of this critical analysis of theoretical and empirical literature is explore the influence of organizational leadership and other factors on organizational performance, in for-profit and not-for profit service organizations, and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. In this example, the causal variables (independent) are â€Å"organizational leadership† and â€Å"other factors†, contextual (intervening or mediating) variables are the type of organization (product versus service) and profit/non-profit, and the effect (dependent variable) is organizational performance. Please note in developing your purpose statement, that the purpose statement begins with The purpose of †¦. and concludes with a statement related to identifying future areas of scholarly inquiry. 9 Instructions: Writing An Overview and Purpose (Follow precisely) *Review Blackboard Forum 5. Use your information and faculty comments for strengthening, as a guide to develop your Overview and Purpose (see items #1-9 below). *Draft 1 is due Week 3. Review Forum 6. You will get a great start if you develop this well. 1. Using the template: a. Develop a preliminary title for the Review and include on the title page. The title should include the main concepts and themes (and/or key theories) for this review. Remember this is a critical analysis of the literature NOT a research study!!!! In no area of this paper, should you refer to this Review of Literature as a research study!!!!!! b. For the Introduction to the Literature, insert a brief subtitle preceding the colon for the level heading: ___: Overview and Purpose. 2. Under the Overview and Purpose, introduce the paper with an â€Å"eye catching† opening sentence for the first paragraph. 3. After the â€Å"eye catching† opening sentence, briefly – describe the topic (problem area, guiding concept, theme). Get to the point – don’t let the reader guess what the review is about –a few sentences. 4. Next include brief definitions of each of the major concepts and cite references for these definitions in appropriate APA format. BE BRIEF – this is not the literature but an introduction to it! Anything you present in the introduction is developed in depth in the Review of the Literature. 5. Next, very briefly, attempt to identify how the literature explains these variables and their relationships to other variables. Include as many as possible variables because this will help in constructing a literature map. The map will show relationships between the variables as you describe here. – Begin with the following: The causal variables (independent are) †¦ The effects (dependent/outcome variables are†¦ Contextual (intervening or mediating) variables that further impact the dependent or outcome variables are †¦. 6. Discuss how the topic area was identified and your reasons (point of view) for selecting the topic area to conduct your critical analysis of the literature. Review the Guidelines: How to Start – Select a Topic and Overview and Purpose, including purposes identified by Bourner (1996). Begin with the following: The topic area of ____ was selected because___. 7. Explain what you want to know about the topic. Review Hart, 1999, p. 14 (Questions the Review Can Answer). Begin with the following: Some questions to be answered through this critical analysis of the literature are:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8. Answer the following: Is the topic about the problems in a discipline or field of study, the processes in a discipline or field of study, or the practices in a discipline or field of study? Processes can refer to various epistemologic processes to develop knowledge (also See Hart, 1999, p. 14). Introduce this clearly so the reader knows what you are speaking about. Begin with the following: The problem area of †¦ is about†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9. Conclude the Overview and Purpose with a clearly formulated statement of purpose of the literature review. Use the examples in the guidelines, as a guide to develop this. Make this clear (see examples in the previous lecture note). Begin with the following and include the ending The purpose of this †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.., and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. Organization of the Review, Scope, and Library Research Plan Organization of the Review Lecture Collect appropriate articles, read critically, identify concepts, theories, and themes, and think about the best way to present your topic. Write these concepts, theories, and themes down (see your Blackboard forum 5 submission and instructor response. Develop a Literature Map. This is a Content Map (Concept Map or Mind Map): All students will have a literature map that will guide the organization of the review and literature search. Build (draw) a visual picture of the concepts and their relationships, which results in a literature map. These evolve from your topic, key concepts, ideas, theme, and/or purpose. Don’t introduce new information or concepts. It should first be introduced in the overview. The literature map is presented in-depth here. There are many methods to organize the review, which often change as you learn more about the topic. Concept Mapping – Representing information in diagram form where key words are linked by lines. These lines are then labeled to express the relationship between the terms. The resulting ‘map’ shows links between key ideas and can then be read through to clarify relationships between key terms. a. Definition and Purpose of a Literature Map. This map is a visual/graphic representation of concepts, ideas, and themes that serve to guide thinking. In this case, the purpose is to guide the search and organizational presentation of your review. This map serves to: i. Develop ideas for your review ii. Show relationships and interrelationships between the concepts, theories, and themes – and if so, what type of relationships iii. Assist in organizing old knowledge and integrating it with new knowledge iv. Guide your literature search plan/strategy v. Identify subtitles (subheadings) to organize your literature review so that you can communicate your ideas systematically. vi. A literature/content map is a creative, intuitive, and artistic endeavor to see how things fit – to generate alternatives. It is also analytical and critical, based on what you are finding in the literature. REVIEW THESE LINKS A simplified explanation of understanding of a Content map is described in the following URL – web link – http://users.edte. utwente. nl/lanzing/cm_home. htm b. Various types of Graphic or Visual Organizers (review this online. Click each box) (you need to have the syllabus downloaded and Internet connection on) |Chain of Events |Clustering |Compare/Contrast | |Continuum |Cycle |Family Tree | |Fishbone |Interaction Outline |Problem/Solution | |Spider |Storyboard |Venn Diagram | Source: http://www. sdcoe. k12. ca. us/score/actbank/sorganiz. htm Other Web sites: Graphic or Visual Organizers Graphic or Visual Organizers: A good site review this online by clicking link. http://edservices. aea7. k12. ia. us/edtech/classroom/workshops/organizers. html http://www. cast. org/ncac/index. cfm? i=3015 http://www. veale. com. au/phd/files/Lit_Map. pdf Some diagrams of content maps are depicted in the following URL web link http://trochim. human. cornell. edu/research/epp2/epp2. htm#Table1 Free Mind Mapping Software (Smart Draw) http://www. smartdraw. com/specials/mindmapping. asp? id=13054 Readings on Mapping Ideas: See Hart, 1999, pp. 142-162 Blackboard’s Assignments Toolbar: See example of literature maps in Assignments – Weeks 1-8 Literature Review (Critical Analysis) 50%. Within this folder is information on PowerPoint Presentation and Student Examples. Most of the student examples include literature maps for RES 702 (RES600) students. Organizing the review of the literature by themes, theories, or major concepts and related concepts provides a â€Å"frame for the central topic† to organize. In this case, you may proceed inductively or deductively. http://trochim. human. cornell. edu/kb/dedind. htm Exercise in Deductive/Inductive thinking: http://www2. sjsu. edu/depts/itl/graphics/induc/ind-ded. html#3b For example, a deductive approach might start with the broader view or concept(s) then move to the specific topic area. Example FOLLOWS: A literature map (Figure 1) is used to guide the library search for theoretical and empirical literature about distance learning. The map shows a deductive pattern of the major themes, using an â€Å"interaction line style† type of graphic organizer. Beginning with the broadest concept of distance education, web-based instruction interacts with student characteristics, which leads to evaluation of effectiveness of web-based instruction in distance education. . . . Other concepts and their relationships to guide the review are . . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Other Organizational Methodologies for Reviews: While RES 702 students are asked to develop literature maps that serve to organize the review, with more scholarly experience and depending upon the topic, you could also present the Review using an â€Å"opposing view† or â€Å"methodological approach†. This is not expected now. c. The literature map generates an outline for the Review of the Literature Review â€Å"Why do an Outline, and Basic Outlining skills: http://www. und. edu/instruct/wstevens/PROPOSALCLASS/PATRAS. html http://www. mnstate. edu/wasson/ed603/ed603lesson5. htm An outline provides a blueprint, skeleton, or a roadmap for the final written review. An outline is an organizational process that is a logical description of the important components of the literature review. It provides a visual and conceptual design for writing. 1. Identify the main points in the order they should be presented. 2. Differentiate each main heading into logical subheadings. 3. Use further subdivisions if necessary. IT IS STRONGLY SUGGESTED THAT YOU INCLUDE A SECTION ON MEASUREMENT OF YOUR MAJOR VARIABLES. REPORT SOME OF THE MAJOR METHODS, TOOLS, OR INSTRUMENTS THAT HAVE BEEN USED IN PRIOR STUDIES TO MEASURE THE KEY CONCEPTS IN YOUR OUTLINE. Notice in the outline that follows, a sub-level heading is measurement of leadership and organizational performance. In the Review of the Literature section, you would then describe the tools whether qualitative or quantitative, and reliability, validity (quantitative tools), and trustworthiness of qualitative tools. Run a Proquest or Google search such as: â€Å"measurement leadership†. This saves you time in the QP and literature in the †dissertation† where you need to know how your variables have been studied and measured. It is best to have MORE detail in these themes. You can always change later. Example of an Outline: (Let us say that the following concepts are present in the literature map which could be Chain of Events, Clustering, or Interaction Outline. This is an example of an outline (quite detailed). It includes the major concepts that can be used for the literature search, and the outline is placed in the 2nd part of this Review (Review of the Literature) to organize how to present the literature. Leadership Classical, Progressive, Risk Leadership Theories Traits and Characteristics of Leaders; Leadership, Power and Influence; Gender and Equity Issues in Leadership Practice Cultural Issues and Leadership Developing Teams Leading Organizational Change Organizational Leadership Development; Strategic Leadership Leadership Measurement Organizational Performance Dimensions of Organizational Performance Organizational Climate Individual Performance Team Performance Supplier/Vendor Perspectives Customer Satisfaction Financial Performance Effectiveness Indicators Performance Driven Organizations Competency Modeling Managing Performance 360 Degree Feedback Collaborative Change Organizational Performance Measurement: Output (Activities) and Outcome (Results) Measures Factors Influencing Organizational Performance Leadership and Performance of Organizations Leadership Style and Team Performance Leadership Style and Organizational Outcomes Leadership Style and Vendor/Supplier and Customer Satisfaction Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Organizational Effectiveness 7 Instructions for Writing the Organization of the Review Do not present literature that you reviewed here. Just respond to questions 1-7. 1. After you design the literature map, begin with the statement: A literature map (Figure 1) is used to guide the library search for theoretical and empirical literature in this review about ___. 1. Next, describe the specific type of organizer that you used to design your map (for example, cluster, chain of events, cycle, etc). To do this, you need to review this syllabus on line, and click the different URL links of examples of visual or graphic organizers (review preceding lecture which provides several types). 2. Identify the specific the concepts, theories, and themes that are in your literature map. 3. Next, briefly, describe the relationships between these concepts, theories and themes (such as what leads to what? Which are the causal, outcome and/or intervening variables? Are the concepts organized inductively or deductively? This all refers to the concepts, theories, and themes in your literature map. 4. Next explain that in addition to guiding the literature search, the literature map serves to identify themes, theories, and concepts that will organize the Literature Review. Present these theories, concepts, and themes in outline form, differentiating each main heading into logical subheadings. (Keep it simple). 5. Due for draft 1, go to the next major section (Review of the Literature) – insert these themes/concepts as level headings/sublevel headings in outline form. They serve to organize the Review of the Literature. Use appropriate APA (see p. 113 of APA) level headings. An example using APA level headings, is shown in the next major section of these guidelines. The concepts and themes for the example, uses the outline of themes previously discussed (leadership and organizational performance). 6. Insert the Figure 1, Literature Map at the end of this discussion of the Organization of the Review (before Scope and Context). a. Make sure that you develop your literature map in a software application that can be copied and pasted into your Microsoft word document containing your paper. b. Make sure the map is an appropriate size and fits within the required paper margins. c. The Figure and #, and Title (Literature Map) belong at the bottom, centered: Figure 1 Literature Map Your goal is to have the map well-developed in draft 1 and finalized in (draft 2). It is expected that this map will change as you â€Å"tighten† and â€Å"organize your literature review in the next section† as well as well as in your qualifying paper. Refine this part with each new draft (and particularly as your literature map evolves). Scope and Context Lecture This section lets the reader know what is and is not included in your literature review (scope). The topic is described in such a way that an appropriate context for the review of the literature is established, in a meaningful, logical way. The key terms here are included/excluded. You can restate the theories, concepts and constructs that you will include and obvious theories, concepts and constructs you won’t include (Look at your problem and topic area). Identify what might be included in the search in terms of types of organizations (public/private; for-profit, not for profit; service/product; types of businesses, types of educational institutions); populations such as young versus old; gender; cultural groups; countries; or type of occupation. The major types of scholarly literature to review are: empirical studies, review articles (critical analysis), theoretical articles/books, methodological articles, and case studies. These types of literature may be in the form of a book, hard copy journal articles, and electronic journal articles. The following are different types and forms of literature: Periodical Abstract in a primary source, Abstract in a secondary source, Periodical (hard copy), Periodical (electronic), Non-periodical (Book), Non-periodical (chapter in a book), Proceeding of meetings or symposia, Doctoral Dissertations (including abstracts), Unpublished work, Audio-Visuals, Newspaper, Government documents, and Electronic Media. 5 Instructions for Writing the Scope and Context 1. As you write this, discuss what is and is not included. Regarding the topic or problem area, discuss what is and is not included in terms of concepts/theories, applications to different populations and settings. 1. Identify the forms (not types) of publications that are included. You don’t need to name specific articles, but identify the forms of literature to be included. 2. Identify the discipline(s) you are focusing in (e. g. , education, health, business, criminal justice, accounting, sociology)? Included specialized areas within these disciplines, such as: gender theories in sociology, accounting ethics, special education for specified populations, urban violence, etc. 3. Identify the scope in terms of the years (period of time) that your literature review covers and exclusions. 5. Discuss whether you are limiting your review to U. S. literature, and/or Global literature. For global literature, identify the â€Å"countries†. If seminal books are emphasized, include the titles. Refine this part with each new draft (and particularly as your literature expands). Library Research Plan and Strategy Lecture THIS IS THE PLAN, NOT THE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE!! The review is presented in the second major section (Review of the Literature) Searching the Literature: A good review of the literature is dependent upon knowledge of the use of indexes and abstracts, the ability to conduct exhaustive bibliographic searches, and ability to organize the collected data meaningfully. Information literacy skills assist with information seeking and retrieval methods and scholarly communication. Recognize scholarly and peer reviewed journals (See Week 1 Lecture). The e-Learning tutorials about Lynn Library can assist research students with the development of literature reviews using electronic databases, abstracts, bibliographic software, Internet searching, Library catalogue searching, subject resources, off-campus searching, and research and writing skills. You need to complete the tutorials. Library Research Plan/Strategy: In reporting your library plan/strategy, identify concepts, themes (key words) or descriptors and search the relevant databases for research on your topic. Be consistent with the Literature map concepts and themes. Focus your search on primary scholarly works including: empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological inquiry. Recognize the differences between these types of scholarly inquiry. Review dissertation abstracts. Did you do a Lynn Library catalog search on the topic (at Lynn)? Did you search selected journals? Did you limit the search to peer-review journals? Did you limit the search to certain years? If you are having difficulty in your library search, you may make an appointment with the Reference Librarian who may assist in building effective search strategies. When visiting the Library, you should come prepared with your search words. Requesting Materials: It is suggested that you read the abstracts before requesting the materials from the Librarian, because certain abstracts may provide enough information to help you make a decision on the material’s relevance. Expect that you will obtain more literature than you will need to include in your literature review. Quantity, however, is not as important as selecting appropriate literature, that is of value and relevant. While many published review articles may have more than 100 cited references, due to time constraints in the course, the expectation is a minimum of 20 â€Å"relevant†, scholarly citations in the text of your paper. Do not go overboard. Quality and relevance is what counts. Don’t use references from â€Å"consulting firms† or firms that are â€Å"promoting† their products or services. Look for scholarly publications. Types and Forms of Literature: Minimum Requirements i. The preference is that you review a variety of types and forms of literature so that you many learn to: ii. Search for and evaluate different types and forms information iii. Integrate a variety of types information in the text of your paper iv. Recognize classic (seminal) works as well as current literature Give yourself time to read the material; do not make a library request for everything at once. Readings: Search Strategy worksheet: http://library. humboldt. edu/infoservices/sstrawrksht. htm http://www. noodletools. com/debbie/literacies/information/5locate/adviceengine. html http://www. lynn. edu/clientuploads/Library/Graduatestudentsmanual. doc 11 Instructions for Writing the Library Research Plan and Strategy In a Review, a discussion of the plan or strategy you used to develop your literature search is presented. Don’t discuss what you â€Å"will† do, but rather â€Å"what you did†. 1. Identify the descriptors (concepts, themes, theories, phrases/key words) used to search the relevant databases for research on your topic. Include â€Å"themes† or groups of words used in the search plan. Add the terms â€Å"theory† or â€Å"research† to your themes when you are searching. You should uses many â€Å"themes† to limit the search. Example of a theme for a library search: â€Å"leadership organizational performance research†. Try to include several themes. 2. Report databases used in your library search. 3. Indicate which of the following types of primary scholarly works were reviewed: empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological inquiry (aim to obtain all of these)? 4. Were secondary citations of references used in your paper? Explain Why? Review APA p. 247 to understand a secondary citation of a source. Remember that these need to be limited. In your dissertation, you need to mostly use primary sources of literature. Remember that if you report literature from secondary sources in your paper use (as cited in __). 5. Explain if you reviewed dissertation abstracts (yes/no). If so, on what topics, which abstracts? You should use these. 6. Explain if you did a Library catalog search on the topic (at Lynn or where? ) Yes/ or no 7. Provide the titles of the key journals reviewed. (Put these titles in Italics). 8. Indicated whether or not you limited the search to peer-reviewed journals? 9. Indicate if you limited the search to certain years? If so, which years? 10. Refer the reader to the example of a library Search Print-out that you will place in Appendix A. 11. Report any problems encountered in your library search and how these problems were managed. Refine this part with each new draft. Interest, Significance, and Rationale for the Critical Analysis Lecture In this last part of the introduction to the literature review, you explain the importance and significance of the Review that will follow. As you read more, you will find more rationale as to why this review is important. Provide a transition sentence from this Introduction to the Review of the Literature. Then end with a statement that explains how the Review will conclude in the Discussion section. Example of concluding statement: As an emerging method of instructional delivery in higher education, and one that continually evolves with the growth in technology, it is important to understand its impact on learning, retention, instruction, and students. This critical analysis of the literature concludes with a summary and interpretation of theoretical, empirical, and methodological literature, conclusions, and recommendations for future scholarly inquiry into web-based instruction in distance education. 4 Instructions for Writing the Interest, Significance, and Rationale for the Critical Analysis 1. Discuss if the topic is of limited interest, regional, national, or perhaps of global interest? Explain why? You can include personal interest based on experience and potential applications. 2. Describe why it is worth studying (or examining)? 3. Indicate that the presentation of the Review of the Literature follows 4. Develop a concluding statement (see example above, in lecture) to the effect that a synopsis and interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are presented at the end of the review in the discussion section. Refine this part with each new draft. Review of the Literature About ___ (add your topic) Lecture This is the second major part of this critical analysis. This has a long lecture. Now is the time to write â€Å"your in-depth Literature Review†. You laid the foundations for this section in the Introduction to the Review, to organize your review according to those themes. Present the theoretical literature (theories, model, constructs, concepts) about those themes, and empirical literature (studies) regarding those themes, in a proper manner. Follow the instructions (see presenting theoretical literature, and presenting empirical literature) in this Review of the Literature section. If you present the literature appropriately in this body of the review, then you will have information to present in the Discussion of the Literature. If you don’t, this Review falls apart. Only literature presented in this Review of the Literature can be analyzed in the next section, Discussion of the Literature. You will save a stitch in time, if you follow instructions and learn how to present theories, and how to present studies, including the authors stated limitations and recommendations for future inquiry, in addition to your critique of those studies. †¢ General comments: The theoretical and empirical literature is summarized, analyzed, evaluated, and synthesized in a more in-depth â€Å"coherent† manner within organized headings and sublevel headings. Specifically, information pertaining to theoretical, empirical, methodological, critical review, and case studies about the topic is reported. As reported previously, expect that you will obtain more literature than you will need to include in your literature review. Quantity, however, is not as important as selecting appropriate literature to present, that is of value and relevant. While many published Review articles may have more than 100 cited references, due to time constraints in the course, the expectation is a minimum of 20 â€Å"relevant†, scholarly citations in the text of your paper. This will increase to 50 references in the qualifying paper. It certainly isn’t unusual to have over 100 references in a dissertation. Do not go overboard. Quality and relevance is what counts. Don’t use references from â€Å"consulting firms† or firms that are â€Å"promoting† their products or services. Look for scholarly publications. As you present literature in your â€Å"word† document, it is okay to talk to yourself. Make notes in the document to your self. You can use different font colors or highlights for these messages to yourself. o Perhaps you want to leave a message to yourself to review a particular article that you didn’t yet have the chance to review, or o you want to search another theme. o Or you read an article, but didn’t have a chance yet to write about it – jot down notes o Use the word file as a tool where you keep all information in one place. You will find this technique very helpful in developing the qualifying paper, and in developing the your dissertation. The instructor does not mind (and in fact encourages you do to this, even in final copies0. Just make the messages â€Å"neat† – and not to distracting) Of utmost importance, is that you present your review appropriately. Practice doing it correctly immediately or you will be WASTING time (having to redo it later). †¢ Your review must be organized within the headings/sublevel headings. Insert the outline developed in the Introduction to the Review. Make sure that the outline is consistent with the organization of themes, concepts add theories in your literature map. †¢ It is ok if you reorganize or rename the themes, but make the changes if the Organization of the R (and literature map, in the prior section). You want the Introduction to the Review, Review of the Literature, and the Discussion section all to be â€Å"internally consistent† with one another. †¢ Instructions follow on how to present CRITICALLY present, theoretical and empirical literature. FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS. Quotations and Paraphrasing and Critical Analysis †¢ This is a literature review, and not your opinion.

Essay on Personal Narrative- My Experience with Love at...

I listen to the constant roar of motors as the dirt bikes and go-carts race around the small track behind me. For a few (usually uneventful) hours every Tuesday, I work at the ticket and rider registration booth; collecting money and making everyone sign the if-you-die-you-can’t-sue-us forms. As usual, I was signing in a few riders and spectators at my station; as I listened to my ipod in one ear I completed my task that I had done hundreds of times before. However, this time something distracted me, something that made me lose my rhythm in completing the current customer’s registration. That something turned out not to be the usual bike, go-cart, or anything with a gas or break. That something turned out to be a guy. He stood in the line†¦show more content†¦I was immediately taken back, speechless and growing slightly nervous that I would end up doing something embarrassing and I would never see him again. Unfortunately, I was correct in my assumption that I would embarrass myself, however I would continue to see him every week. I looked forward to just seeing his face or hearing his voice even if our conversations were all too short. Quickly, these short conversations that consisted of hello, good luck and a small joke were no longer satisfying. So one fateful day, I mustered up my courage and talked to him after the race. His mind turned out to be even more beautiful than his looks. We continued to talk for a few weeks and grew very close, seeing each other outside of the usual Tuesday night races. After about a month, we began dating, and I still couldn’t possibly believe this perfect guy could be mine, I didn’t deserve someone this good. However, I couldn’t help getting over a feeling that I had ever since the first time I saw him waiting in line watching the motocrossers. I was falling in love with him; however it had felt like it had always been there. 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North Korea And South Korea - 3228 Words

Everyone has been touched by the Korean wave in some way, whether it is by having a Samsung phone to eating Korean barbeque at a Korean restaurant. North Americans tend to think that North and South Korea share the same traditions and customs, when in fact they are complete opposites. Going back thousands of years in Korean culture, North Korea and South were just a part of the country Korea. Fast forwarding to the 1950’s the northern part of Korea started to become a communist country. America swooped in and started to shape the southern part of Korea as an ally for the United States and make them a part of the capitalist movement. After the Korean War, Korea became divided into North and South Korea. North Korea became a communist†¦show more content†¦Following the stock market crash, South Korea decided to export its music and television to make revenue from other countries. â€Å"Korea is throwing all of its weight and billions of dollars into making itself the n umber one exporter of pop culture in the world† (Leong). The stock market crash in 1997 left the country economically crippled, forcing the government to request a 57 billion dollar loan from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF). The president of that time, Kim Dae-Jung, began to think of a way that Korea could become different from other countries in order to fix its unstable economy. Kim always was amazed with how the United States made its revenue from films and how The United Kingdom made its money from stage musicals. (Leong) This influenced Kim to use those two countries as benchmarks for creating a pop culture industry for Korea. Kim worked with the notion that in order for other countries to buy into your pop culture, you had to prove to them that your nation was cool. The Hallyu or Korean wave started in southeast Asia and has now started its way to the United States and Europe. Now that it has made a marketing statement in the United States its revenue has gotten e ven higher. Korean pop culture exports have already gone from zero, in the early 1990 s, to 4.6 billion in revenue in 2012 (Hong). Koreans have made much of that revenue from their music and the

Csr and Consumer Free Essays

The impact of perceived CSR initiatives on consumer’s buying behaviour: An empirical study Abu Bashar, Assistant Professor, Institute of Management Studies, Dehradun. ABSTRACT Although research into CSR and consumer behavior is still relatively young, there exists a growing interest in studying the links between CSR and marketing. The Indian consumers are now well aware that, in pursuing their business endeavors, companies now have to show more responsibility towards society and the environment where they are operating and at the same time do managers increasingly see CSR as a marketing tool to help create a competitive advantage. We will write a custom essay sample on Csr and Consumer or any similar topic only for you Order Now But what is the actual impact of companies’ engagement in CSR on consumer behavior? The consumers are getting more aware of the corporation involved in corporate social responsibility (CSR) through better education and the increased influence of the media. The companies up to a certain extent has already been realized that their socially responsible behaviour have a direct impact on the consumer buying behaviour. In this research paper effort has been employed to investigate that how consumers are considering corporation’s CSR initiatives at the time of deciding on their purchase decision of products and services. For measuring CSR economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic variables have been considered from Carroll’s definition. A random stratified sample of 250 respondents have been considered, the data have been collected with the help of structured questionnaire. After the data collection appropriate statistical data analysis was performed in the software program SPSS. Results confirm a positive relationship between perceived CSR activities and consumer buying behaviour. Keywords: corporate social responsibility, consumer behaviour, Philanthropy, Consumer buying behaviour. 1. Introduction Multinational corporations first introduced the term stakeholder in the late 1960’s. Stakeholders were described as those who were in any way affected by the corporations’ activities. Soon thereafter, the term â€Å"corporate social responsibility† came into common use. The goal of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is to take responsibility for all the company’s actions and to have a positive impact on its environment, communities, employees, consumers and all other stakeholders (Freeman et al. , 2010). The European Commission (2011) defines CSR as â€Å"the responsibility of enterprises for their impacts on society†. More specifically, the responsibility of corporations includes the integration of social, environmental and ethical issues as well as human rights and consumer concerns, into their business operations and core strategy in close collaboration with their stakeholders. In research literature, CSR is defined as â€Å"a business organization’s configuration of principles of social responsibility, processes of social responsiveness, and policies, programs, and observable outcomes as they relate to the firm’s societal relationships† (Wood, 1991:693). In their opinion, the free market in that sense contributes to society by realizing this prosperity and therefore does not have any other obligations in that matter. However, on the other side of the spectrum the free market is viewed as inhibiting human freedom (e. g. through child labor) and as the root cause of economic and cultural imperialism in many developing countries. CSR is also seen as a way to attempt to be one step ahead of governmental interference, in order to avoid any kind of legislative restrictions or reprimands. Additionally, CSR is regarded as being used merely as a marketing tool, which introduces concerns about hypocrisy. As with many ethical issues, a great amount of organizations operate in the broad space in between these extremes, and the topic remains subject to continuous discussion (Friedman, 1970). One of the most important stakeholder groups is the consumer, and as Creyer and Ross (1997) confirmed; customers do indeed expect socially responsible behavior from companies. More interestingly, customers are willing to reward this behavior. It is no surprise that a steadily growing group of consumers pro-actively look for companies with ‘sustainable’ products and production methods. This new type of consumer is subject to an increasing amount of research by social and economic scientists, and characterized as ‘sophisticated’ and ‘environmentally and socially conscious’ (Forster, 2007). Corporations that do not equip themselves with CSR activities will often be left behind with the increasing global competition and borderless markets, and international corporations with sound CSR activities grow stronger (Altman, 2007). As the education level increases, consumers are made more aware of the need for pro social corporate behaviour. A lot of work has been done in Western countries to identify an organization’s behaviour regarding consumer purchasing decisions. However, not many studies have been conducted in emerging markets, such as India. CSR activities should enhance a corporation’s image. This paper aims to examine the influence of perceived CSR initiatives on the buying behaviour of Indian consumers. We are interested in exploring whether consumers in India consider organisations’ CSR issues before associating themselves with organisations’ products and services. Apart from that, this study also aims to identify the awareness level of Indian consumers towards CSR. The results of this study will also be useful for business organisations in understanding the consumers’ priority for the CSR activities that they should be engaging in, and it will contribute to the existing literature. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. The next section will discuss the literature review. The third section will explain on the methodology used. The findings and discussion will be presented in the fourth section and will be followed by conclusions and implications in the final section. 2. Scope of the study The scope of the study has been limited to CSR initiatives of corporate and consumer buying behaviour only. The study has been confined to Delhi NCR region as this area has greater number of top notch corporations 3. Objectives 1. To study and analyze the current CSR practices being employed by corporations in India. . To find out the level of awareness of consumer about CSR 3. To find out the relation and impact of corporation’s CSR initiatives on consumer buying decisions 4. Research Methodology The study is based on descriptive research design. A structured questionnaire has been designed, to know the level of awareness and impact of corporation’s CSR initiatives on their buying decisions. The que stionnaire consists of three major sections. The first section gathers information on consumers’ awareness towards corporate social responsibility (CSR). This section covers some general questions to obtain the respondent’s understanding of the term CSR, which indicates the ability of the respondent to complete the rest of the questionnaire. The respondents who indicated having no knowledge in CSR were not included in the data analysis. Second section covers questions on consumer buying behaviour towards CSR initiatives by the business organisations. The statements were divided into four subsections based on Carroll’s pyramid of CSR, which include economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. While third section designed to gather demographic information of the respondents such as gender, age, education level and monthly income level. Section A and Section C were designed using nominal scales, whereas Section B was designed using a five-point Likert scale ranging from â€Å"1† for â€Å"strongly disagree† to â€Å"5† for â€Å"strongly agree†. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was used to evaluate the reliability of the measures. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient for the four independent variables and one dependent variable was 0. 59. The survey was conducted in Delhi NCR; responses of 250 respondents were collected. We targeted respondents who are seems to be conscious buyer and hence the sampling technique is non-probability convenience sampling. For visual representation of finding and results bar charts, pie charts and tables etc. ahs been used. 5. Review of literature During the 21th century, the focus of the environmental aspect of CSR grew even stronger and society’s increased interest regarding environmental issues put new light on CSR. Hence, even higher pressure was put on corporations and their initiatives for support of the environment. This can be seen in the European Commission’s CSR-report from 2002, in which CSR is described to have a close relationship between companies and societies to tackle both social and environmental concerns: â€Å"CSR is a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. In their latest definition, the European Commission (2011) explains CSR as â€Å"the responsibility of enterprises for their impacts on society†. Another trend emerging in the 21th century was the focus of CSR from a consumer perspective. The fact that corporations started to work and participate actively in projects regarding CSR predictably woke up an interest also among consumers. Researchers were then eager to find out whether CSR activities had any influence on consumers or not, and if so, in what way and to what extent. In 2001, Mohr et al. tudied the relationship between CSR and consumers’ buying behavior. The results of the study showed that the majority of the respondents were in general positively disposed towards social responsible firms and moreover expected firms to be highly active within CSR. Furthermore, the results revealed that a small majority of the respondents did not really think about basing their purchase behavior on CSR or did it only sometimes, even if CSR as a buying criterion didn’t play much of a role in the decision processes or purchase behavior. However, 39% of the respondents were basing some or much of their purchasing on CSR (Mohr et al. , 2001). In 2005, Becker-Olsen and Hill contributed with two studies investigating the role of perceived fit (e. g. Similarity between corporate mission and social initiative), perceived corporate motive (other-centered versus profit-centered), and timing of an announcement (reactive versus proactive) on consumers’ responses to corporate social initiatives. The aim of the study was to explore the impact of perceived CSR on consumer behavior. The results of the study demonstrated that an overwhelming majority of the respondents believed that firms should engage in social initiatives and 76% thought that those initiatives would benefit the firms. About half of the respondents stated that they would boycott firms that acted irresponsibly, if reasonable alternatives were available (Becker-Olsen Hill, 2005). Finally, another relatively new trend within CSR developed in the 21th century is to view and utilize the whole concept as a competitive advantage. In 2006, the marketing and strategy guru Michael Porter wrote an article together with Mark R. Kramer, in which they introduced a framework that organizations can use to identify the impact they have on society, determine which effects to address and then suggest effective ways to do so. The authors propose that when looking at CSR from a strategically perspective it can become a source of remarkable social progress, since corporations apply their resources, expertise, and insights to activities that benefit society as a whole (Porter Kramer, 2006). In carrying out their economic responsibility, corporations are expected work within the framework of laws and regulations as a partial fulfillment of the â€Å"social contract† between corporations and society. Carroll (1991) stated that it is important for legal responsibility to be performed in a manner that is consistent with the expectations of governments and laws complying with the various federal, state and local regulations. A successful corporation should be recognised as one that fulfils its legal obligations. Conchius (2006), on the other hand, stated that legal responsibility includes abiding by consumer and product laws, environmental laws and employment laws while also adhering to laws and regulations governing competition in the marketplace. However, legal responsibilities do not embrace the full range of behaviours expected of corporations by society. Laws are important, but they are often inadequate. First, they cannot possibly address all of the issues or areas that a corporation may face. Second, laws often lag behind more recent concepts of what is considered right behaviour, and third, laws may represent the personal interests and political motivations of legislators (Carroll, 1998). Although economic and legal responsibilities represent ethical standards concerning fairness and justice, ethical responsibility encompasses those activities and practices expected or prohibited by society that expand beyond the limitations of legal responsibilities. Ethical responsibility embodies those standards and expectations that reflect a concern for what consumers, employees, shareholders, and the community regard as fair, just, or in keeping with the respect or protection of stakeholders’ moral rights (Carroll, 1979). According to Carroll (1991), business performance can be determined by the corporation’s consistency in promoting moral and ethical standards. If a corporation practises good corporate citizenship, the activities of the corporation are trusted. Ethical responsibility also recognises that corporate integrity and ethical behaviour should go beyond the requirements of laws and regulations. Balancing economic, legal and ethical responsibilities is important. If the corporation does something that is appropriately economic and legal, it must also be appropriately ethical. Philanthropic responsibility refers to corporate actions that are in response to society’s expectations of good corporate citizens. Corporate philanthropy is likely to enhance the image of corporations especially those that have high public visibility. Corporate philanthropy should also increase employee loyalty and improve customer ties. Philanthropic activities include business contributions in terms of financial resources or executive time, such as contributions to the arts, education, or communities. The distinguishing characteristic between philanthropic and ethical responsibilities is that philanthropic responsibilities are not expected in an ethical or moral sense. Philanthropy is located at the most voluntary and discretionary dimension of corporate responsibility and has not always been linked to profits or the ethical culture of the firm (Ferrell, 2004). Although society wishes corporations to be philanthropic, it is voluntary on the part of corporations (Carroll, 1991). According to Fombrun, Gardberg and Barnett (2000), the case for philanthropy comes from two different sources; strategic philanthropists argue that, although philanthropy may not generate direct economic returns, it will enhance the firm’s long-term competitive position through intangible gains in reputation, legitimacy or employee loyalty. Consumer Behaviour towards CSR This paper aims to examine consumers’ buying behaviour as a result of corporate CSR initiatives. We are interested in examining that whether the purchase decisions of the products and services of consumers in India are based on corporation’s CSR initiatives or not. In addition, we also seek to identify which type of CSR component based on Carroll’s pyramid of CSR will have significant impact on consumers’ buying behaviour. Several studies have suggested that there is a positive relationship between a corporation’s CSR activities and consumers’ attitudes towards that corporation and its products (Brown Dacin, 1997; Creyer Ross, 1997; Ellen, Webb, Mohr, 2000). Mohr, Webb and Harris (2001) examined and their finding indicated a significant relationship between CSR and consumer responses. Sen and Bhattacharya (2001) research on reaction of consumers to CSR shows that CSR will directly affect consumers’ intentions to purchase corporation’s products. As cited in Pomering and Dolnicar (2008), marketplace polls reported that consumers expect corporations to provide information about what they do, and they will support those corporations that pursue CSR initiatives. Environics International Ltd. (Environics, 1999) conducted a survey regarding consumer responses towards corporate social responsibility. The result of the survey indicated that Australians have the highest CSR consumer expectations from businesses. A total of 86% of US respondents in the survey of Cone Inc. (2004) said that corporations should provide information on how they support social issues. 6. Research Results and Discussions Table 1: Gender of respondents | |Gender | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Model |R |R Square |Adjusted R Square |Std. Error of the Estimate | |CSR-CB |. 573a |. 329 |. 315 |. 36483 | |a. Predictors 🙠 Constants) CSR: corporate social responsibility components which include ethical, economic, philanthropic, | |legal. CB-Consumer Behaviour | The R square (coefficient of determination) is a portion of the total variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variables. According to the model summary, R sq uare is equal to 0. 329, which is less than 1. This indicates that there is a weak linear relationship between CSR activities and consumers’ buying behaviour. Approximately 32. 7% of variance in all the CSR components can significantly explain consumers’ buying behaviour. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been preformed to test whether there is a statistical significant linear relationship between the combination of the four CSR components (Economic, legal, Ethical and philanthropic) and consumers’ buying behaviour exists or not. According to Table 9, the p-value is . 000, indicating that the four CSR components significantly influence consumers’ buying behaviour. Table 9: ANOVA of Multiple Regressions ANOVAb | |Model |Sum of Squares| |bDependent Variable (CB): consumer behaviour | | | | A coefficient table is very much helpful in explaining the relationship between the four CSR components and consumers’ buying behaviour. Based on the calculated significances in Significance (Sig. ) column o f Table 10, the p-value for each CSR component is less than 0. 05, which indicates that all the CSR components have a statistically significant relationship with consumers’ buying behaviour. Table 10: Coefficients of Multiple Regressions Coefficientsa | |Model |Unstandardized Coefficients |Standardized |t |Sig. | | | |Coefficients | | | | |B |Std. Error |Beta | | In Table 10, the unstandardised beta coefficient is used for the values of the numbers in the linear regression equation. Theory explains that a higher beta value indicates a greater impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable. The independent variable (CSR components) can be ranked according to the magnitude of the beta coefficient to determine which component has the most significant impact on consumers’ buying behaviour. The regression model relates Y (the dependent variable) to a function of X (the independent variable) and ? (the unknown parameter). It is formulated as Y ? f(X, ? ). The multiple regression analyses performed in this study are modeled as follows: Yi = ? 1xi1 + ? 2xi2 + ? 3xi3 + ? 4xi4 Therefore, the multiple regressions line equation for this current study is: Consumer Behaviour = 1. 286 + 0. 59 Economic Responsibility + 0. 168 Philanthropic Responsibility + 0. 166 Ethical Responsibility + 0. 112 Legal Responsibility. The results explicitly defines that the economic responsibility attribute has the most significant impact on consumers’ buying behaviour , as it has the highest beta value, followed by philanthropic responsibility, ethical responsibility and, finally, legal responsibility. Indian consumers seem to view CSR priority differently from other nations. Economic responsibility was still the basic utmost priority preferred. However, they ranked philanthropic responsibility as the second most important responsibility compared with legal responsibility. It is not surprising that Indian consumers see corporations’ philanthropic responsibility as being more important than their legal responsibility. Consumers want corporations to contribute their money, facilities and employees’ time to humanitarian programs or purposes. Indians have been known as one of the most generous nations in the world. For example, the country’s rate of donation and participation in helping the victims of natural disasters in the world has always been very encouraging. In addition, we have always heard that the generous Indians have made financial pledges and contributions to help those in need, they be orphaned children, the poor, accident victims and so on. Although the Indian consumers themselves have been very generous, the expectation for business institutions to do the same is unquestionable. As for complying with rules and regulations, it is not surprising that Indian consumers ranked legal responsibility last compared with Carroll’s pyramid, which suggested that legal responsibility is the next most important responsibility Compared with those in developed nations, Indians regard rules lightly, to a certain extent, as we have always heard from the news about how Indians bend and ignore stipulated rules and regulations. Among the most common examples are the bending of traffic rules and regulations promoting environmental protection. 7. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS For academicians, this research makes a contribution to the understanding the underlying dynamics of the role of corporate social responsibility in consumers’ buying behaviour. The result of this study indicates that all of the CSR components have a significant relationship with consumers’ buying behaviour. However, the limitations of this study must also be considered. The major limitation relates to the sample. With only 250 usable respondents, this sample size might limit the external validity of the findings. Managers should note that this research supports previous results reported in the literature, suggesting that a substantial, viable and identifiable consumer group exists that considers a company’s level of social responsibility in its purchase decisions. Manufacturers and retailers have an opportunity to appeal to this group while simultaneously meeting their business objectives and make contributions to society. The type of CSR activities that should be engaged by the corporations should preferably be based on the priority indicated in the finding of this study, where the economic responsibility attribute has the most significant impact on consumers’ buying behaviour, followed by philanthropic responsibility, ethical responsibility and finally, legal responsibility. However, companies that promote themselves as socially responsible need to be prepared to deal with criticisms of any irresponsible behaviour they are seen as committing, as information travels within seconds in this information technology era. In contrast, companies who disregard expectations concerning social responsibly may risk consumer boycotts as a result of the strengthening of consumers’ awareness and rights in today’s market scenario. 8. References Ali, I. , Rehman, U. K. , Yilmaz, K. A. , Nazir, S. Ali, F. J. 2010. Effects of CSR on ConsumerRetention. African Journal of Business Management. Vol. 4, pp. 475-485. 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Consumer Decision Making Process

Question: Analyse theinternal and external factorsinfluencing the consumer decision making process for amajor purchase e.g. a car or a holiday. Answer: Introduction: The idea of the Consumer Buying Behaviorcan be designated as the buying behavioral pattern of the final consumers. Consumer Buying Behaviorconsists of the analysis of influencing factors those are instrumental in the process of decision making of the consumers buying decisions and how thy influence the decision of the customers. As opined by Hande and Ghosh 2015, a company needs to examinethe buying behaviorof the consumers as to utilize the decisive factors in developing its marketing strategy and thus ensuring the firms success. As opined by Ghosh and Ghosh 2013, the buying decision of a consumer can be influenced by a number of influencing factors. Theses factors are crucial to be evaluated by the companies to examine, as they are helpful in determining their strategy. However, these factors, which are influential in determining the consumer buying behavior, are manifold. There are a few internal and external factors, which are typically instrumental in determining the consumer bu ying behavior pattern. The case: In the following case study, the influential factors of the buying behavior of a person will be evaluated. A person with a moderate income lives in a locality of Australia. he did not have a car. Most of his neighbors and his friends owned cars, which are popular in the recent car market, and these are expensive too. His family and the friends told him to buy a car several times. However, he resisted it for a long. However, in the last month he bought a car, which is more expensive than his neighbors and friends. This is also causing him a budget cut in his daily routine. He was aware of this issue but he could not resist this buying decision. Now, with this real case study the author will examine the internal and external factorsinfluencing the consumers decision-making process for thismajor purchase of a car. The potential internal influences: As opined by Holland and Mandry 2013, there are a number of the internal factors are influential in the process of decision making of the consumers related to its buying. These internal factors typically mean the personal and the psychological factors of the consumers own self. As discussed by Prakash and Pathak 2014, this personal factor consists of the Perception, Learning, motivation, personality and attitude of the consumer. Now, if the Five Factor theory of the personality can be discussed, the buying behavior of the person in the case study can be identified (Gangai and Agrawal 2016). As discussed by Kumar 2015, the extrovert personality pattern is sometimes responsible for the extravagant buying behavior. The man in the case is also an extrovert. He has a large group of friends and he is popular in his group. He loved the idea to be popular among the friend circle by this buying decision. On the other hand, the core trait of instability is also there behind the decision of buying that car. The subject is a person who is moody and temperamental. His whimsical decision of buying can be cited as a proof of this claim. As opined by Gangai and Agrawal 2016, in many cases these personality patterns are influential in determining the extravagant buying behaviors of the consumers. Here, the learning factor of buying behavior can also be discussed. As opined by Khan 2013, the learning or the knowledge of the product or the services of a company determines the possibility of purchase of a product. Here, in the context of this case, the theory of cognitive learning can be discussed. The cognitive learning of the consumer can be discussed as the learning through the information gathering and intellectual processing. In the case of buying that car, the person set the goal of achieving popularity, increased social status and masculinity. The marketing and promotional advertisements have disseminated the idea that a consumer will be able to achieve all those by obtaining their car. It has driven him to the decision of buying a car. On the other hand, the attitude factors are also responsible for such decisions. As discussed by Badgaiyan and Verma 2014, customers attitudes are a mix of a consumers (1) idea about, (2) approach about, (3) and behavioral purpose toward some object. Here, in the context of this case, the person had a positive belief about the big and expensive cars and his positive feeling about the high-end brand shaped his buying intension. The advertisement also worked positively in shaping his attitude towards that brand. In addition to this, the motivational factors are also influential in determining the buying behavior pattern of the consumers. As discussed by Kumar 2015, according to the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, people has a ladder of needs. When the basics are attended, the people want to obtain the higher level of requirements. In the context of this case, the person is a moderate earner. Hence, he may not have a physiological, Safety and Security Needs of the lower level of the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. He is occupying the stage of social and ego needs. His social need of having popularity and the ego needs of status and self-esteem has driven him to buy an expensive car. In addition to this, if the examination of the McGuires Psychological Motives can be done, it can be found that the Affective preservation motives and Affective growth motives were instrumental in his decision-making. As discussed by Gangai and Agrawal 2016, here, his underlying motives were demonstrating his success to his neighbors and the sense of being powerful and wealthy by buying an expensive product. On the other hand, he has shown the manifest motives that a big car is more comfortable, it performs well and most importantly, most of his friends own such cars. All these typically influenced his buying behavior. His perception regarding that car has also influenced his buying behavior. As opined by Malik et al. 2013, the brand name of that particular company allured him to own that product. (Source: Hande and Ghosh 2015) The external or situational factors As opined by Khan 2013, there are a number of external or situational factors are there which influence the consumer buying behavior pattern. These external factors include Group Influence and Culture of the consumers. As man is a social animal, he cannot ignore the influence of the group. Now, the group influence mostly manipulates the purchase of the products like car, bike, etc. in the context of this case the ascribed group type i.e. the family influenced the buyer to buy that car. In addition to that, as mentioned by Singh 2013, the associative and the peer group i.e. his neighbors, friends and his colleges and their possession of cars made him decide in this way. The influence of the reference group influence i.e. the comparison between him and his friends regarding the ownership of car influenced him to buy a new and more expensive car. Here, the external factors influenced his internal drives to take a decision in favor of buying a car. In this discussed case, the expectations of the family member and the friends have driven the person to purchase that expensive car over an inexpensive one. The Aspirational reference group has also influenced his buying behavior. As opined by Gupta 2015, most of the branded and high-end car companies use the marketing strategy of celebrity endorsement. It creates an urge among the customers to be in the society of those celebrities. In the context of this discussed case, the person was also influenced by the urge of belonging in the same social status of those celebrities. In addition to this, the cultural values also determine the buying behavior of the consumers. As discussed by Holland and Mandry 2013, there are a number of cultural values, which can be cited as the determinant of the buying of a car. The environment oriented and self-oriented values like the idea of acquiring a higher cultural status, the materialistic culture of possession of wealthy products, the idea of immediate gratification of the materialistic urges were instrumental in determining his decision of buying that expensive car. His cultural values made him think that this car will provide him a better social status. He also possessed a materialistic view of life and it made him think about spending his money in acquiring the products of his choice as a way of seeking pleasure in life. Conclusion: Thus, theses internal and external or the situational factors were characteristically instrumental in shaping the purchasing choice of the consumer. The influence of the internal and external factors in the customer buying behavioral pattern is a very popular subject in the marketing management. The psychological factors are typically responsible for the buying decision of the customers. As discussed in the above case the demonstrative effect influenced the buyer to go beyond his buying capacity and compelled to buy that particular product. This demonstrative effect was originated by the influence of a number of deep-rooted internal factors. The personality pattern, motivations, learning and attitude of the person has driven him towards the influence of the demonstrative effect. On the other hand, the situational factors like the cultural setup and the reference group influence have motivated him to buy a product that will increase his social status and the acceptance within the grou p. References: Badgaiyan, A.J. and Verma, A., 2014. Intrinsic factors affecting impulsive buying behaviourEvidence from India.Journal of Retailing and consumer services,21(4), pp.537-549. Gangai, K.N. and Agrawal, R., 2016. The Influence of Personality Traits on Consumer Impulsive Buying Behaviour.International Journal of Marketing Business Communication,5(1). Ghosh, M.U.N.M.U.N. and Ghosh, A.R.I.N.D.A.M., 2013. Consumer buying behaviour in relation to consumption of teaa study of Pune City.International Journal of Sales Marketing Management Research and Development,3, pp.47-54. Gupta, K., 2015. Celebrity Endorsement And Its Impact On Consumer Buying Behaviour.SANJAY DIXIT, p.41. Hande, P.V. and Ghosh, D., 2015. A comparative study on factors shaping buying behaviour on B2B and B2C E-commerce platforms in India.EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies,5(3), pp.1-10. Holland, C.P. and Mandry, G.D., 2013, January. Online search and buying behaviour in consumer markets. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 2918-2927). IEEE. Khan, H., 2013. 3 CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR.Principles of Marketing: A Value-Based Approach, p.71. Kumar, S., 2015. A STUDY ON CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS ORGANIZED RETAIL STORES IN ERODE DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU-INDIA.International Journal of Management Research and Reviews,5(12), p.1124. Malik, M.E., Ghafoor, M.M., Iqbal, H.K., Ali, Q., Hunbal, H., Noman, M. and Ahmad, B., 2013. Impact of brand image and advertisement on consumer buying behavior.World Applied Sciences Journal,23(1), pp.117-122. Modi, S. and Jhulka, T., 2012. Consumer buying behaviour: Changing shopping patterns.Int. J. Bus. Manag. Eco. Res,3(3), pp.527-530. Prakash, G. and Pathak, P., 2014. Understanding Rural Buying Behaviour: A Study with Special Reference to FMCG Products.Indian Journal of Marketing,44(8), pp.43-55. Singh, N., 2013. Cognitive effects of advertising on consumer buying process: a study of non-durable products.